基于纳米碳添加的减量施肥模式对寒地水稻产量及氮肥效率的影响

为解决减量施肥造成北方寒地水稻肥料供给不足和产量低的问题,以纳米碳增效剂为材料,采用仪器快速检测和植株常规测定分析方法,研究纳米碳添加的常规施肥和减量施肥模式对水稻产量性状和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥(CK)相比,纳米碳添加的常规施肥模式(SM-A)、减施氮肥10%(SM-B)和减施氮肥20%(SM-C)对水稻植株形态特征、光合生理特性、产量性状和肥料利用效率产生显著的影响,其中以SM-B增幅最大,SM-A次之,SM-C最小;SM-A、SM-B和SM-C增加经济效益分别为563.56、1374.20和-1391.08元/hm ²,以SM-B增效值最高。本研究表明,SM-B能改善生育期光合生理特性,提高植株产量和肥料利用效率,是寒地水稻较为理想的减量施肥安全利用模式。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

十里香茶离体培养及再生体系研究

为了保护珍贵的十里香茶树资源,掌握利于十里香茶的最优组培条件,本研究对十里香茶组培过程中外植体类型、消毒时间、培养基添加物及培养条件进行了筛选。结果表明,采用轻微木质化的带腋芽茎段经升汞消毒15 min,接种后暗培养5 d,MS+0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA培养基中添加3 mg·L^-1 PVP+2000 mg·L^-1 Vc或者6 mg·L^-1 PVP+3000 mg·L^-1 AC,可在低污染率的前提下将褐化率降为10%左右,一定程度上解决了茶树组培中褐化率高的难题;采用1/8 MS+1 mg·L^-1 IBA培养基有利于外植体生根且增殖迅速。本研究建立了十里香茶的无菌苗离体培养及再生体系,可通过组培手段对其进行大量繁殖。     

Analysis and Assessment on Heavy Metal Contamination in Cotton Seeds of Hunan Province

[Objective] In order to guarantee the quality and safety of cotton products and to explore the feasibility of alternative planting, the contamination condition of the heavy metals in cotton seeds in Hunan province was investigated and evaluated. [Method] Fifty-six cotton seed samples, collected in 6 counties of Hunan province, were collected to determine 6 indicators including cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and inorganic arsenic contents. This was followed by pollution index calculation, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. [Results] The range of comprehensive pollution indexes of Junshan district, Anxiang county, Nanxian county, Wangcheng and Dingcheng districts varied between 0.366 5–0.577 0, which belonged to a secure level. However, the single pollution indexes of Hengyang county are relatively high. The comprehensive pollution index of Hengyang county was 0.801 6, meaning a mild pollution level. [Conclusion] The pollution status of cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic in Hunan cottonseed samples are generally acceptable. Cotton could be a substitute for rice on contaminated soil.     

新疆兵团主要植棉区机采棉田杂草调查

采用倒置“W”九点取样法对新疆兵团北疆、东疆主要植棉师蕾期、铃期棉田杂草进行调查。结果表明：北疆第六师、东疆第十三师机采棉田杂草主要有16科31种，其中禾本科杂草占16.1%，阔叶杂草占80.7%，莎草科杂草占3.2%；1年生杂草占64.5%，多年生杂草占35.5%。北疆第六师蕾期棉田优势杂草为龙葵、野西瓜苗、田旋花、灰藜，铃期优势杂草为龙葵、田旋花、灰藜。东疆第十三师蕾期棉田优势杂草为灰藜、反枝苋、狗尾草，铃期优势杂草为龙葵、灰藜、反枝苋、田旋花。不同地区、不同生育时期棉田优势杂草有所差异。研究结果将为新疆兵团机采棉田杂草的科学可持续防控提供重要依据。     

河北省优质棉育种70年回顾与展望

河北省优质陆地棉品种选育工作起步较早，新中国成立以来先后选育出石短5号、冀棉22号、冀棉26、新陆中8号、冀228、农大棉13号等高品质棉花品种和大量优质棉品种。根据不同时期的优质棉评价标准，对1949―2019年河北省选育的优质棉品种的纤维品质性状进行了统计和分析，结合纺织工业对优质原棉的需求，指出河北省优质棉育种存在的问题，并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

棉花“保险+期货”模式助力南疆主产棉区脱贫攻坚

通过解析棉花“保险+期货”模式的运行机制、优势及存在的不足，并提出了发展优质棉“订单生产+保险+期货”模式和引入银行、基金等信贷机构的建议，期望对南疆主产棉区贫困棉农增收致富、助力脱贫攻坚提供有益探索。     

萌芽杉木幼龄林植物群落特征

  目的  探索森林恢复方式，改善杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林林分结构及维护生物多样性，对杉木人工林可持续经营和森林恢复活动具有理论和实践价值。  方法  2017年10月选择浙江省杭州市临安区昔口村二代萌芽杉木幼龄林为研究对象，对其植物群落特征进行实地调查。  结果  昔口村杉木萌芽幼龄林植物种类共104种，其中乔木层植物14种，灌木层植物58种，草本层植物41种，优势植被构成杉木-蓬蘽Rubus hirsutus-蕨Pteridium aquilinum群落；物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数均为灌木层>草本层>乔木层；林下植被除部分优势种长势较好，多数植物种类数量较少且分布较稀疏。  结论  在改善森林生态系统物种、结构、资源利用方面的异质性时，要考虑当地农户和社区的需求，选择当地乡土阔叶树种、适生阔叶树种进行补植，形成混交林，并辅以科学的抚育措施。     

烤烟控水节肥育苗措施对水肥利用和烟苗素质的影响

为探明有利于减少水肥投入和降低养分残留的烤烟育苗方法,在烤烟育苗环节以常规水肥管理(CM)为对照,设置了控水节肥模式一(OM1)和控水节肥模式二(OM2)两种控水节肥育苗措施,考察了两个试验点不同控水节肥措施下的水肥利用、肥料残留和烟苗生长状况.结果表明,与常规对照(CM)相比,控水节肥(OM)处理下烟株出苗率、茎高、全株生物量及水分利用效率均无显著差异(P>0.05),试验点一和试验点二氮、磷、钾养分残留量分别平均减少52.7％和58.9％、47.8％和60.2％、45.1％和61.5％;与控水节肥模式一(OM1)相比,控水节肥模式二(OM2)耗水量和水分利用效率无显著差异(P>0.05),试验点一和试验点二氮、磷、钾肥残留量分别减少48.6％和28.1％,42.9％和37.7％,36.3％和41.1％,烟苗茎围分别增加了1.8％和27.0％.控水节肥模式二(控制维持水层深度8 cm和初始氮素浓度50 mg/kg)能够在保障烟苗移栽素质的前提下,减少育苗氮肥投入47.7％,降低苗池水体氮、磷、钾养分残留量,是一种值得推荐的绿色高效育苗水肥管理措施.